Which breathing pattern is often seen in patients with metabolic acidosis?

Kussmaul respirations are characterized by deep, rapid breathing and are a compensatory mechanism used by the body to counteract metabolic acidosis. In this condition, the body's pH drops due to an accumulation of acids or a loss of bicarbonate, which can occur in various situations, such as uncontrolled diabetes (ketoacidosis) or kidney failure. To help restore normal pH levels, the respiratory system increases the rate and depth of breathing, thereby promoting greater exhalation of carbon dioxide, which is an acidic component of the body's acid-base balance.

This breathing pattern helps to reduce the acidity of the blood and restore homeostasis. In contrast, the other breathing patterns mentioned do not directly relate to metabolic acidosis. Cheyne-Stokes respirations involve a cyclical pattern of breathing with periods of apnea, often linked to central nervous system issues. Apneustic breathing is characterized by prolonged inhalation followed by a pause, usually associated with brainstem damage. Orthopnea refers to difficulty breathing while lying flat, primarily associated with heart failure or pulmonary issues. Therefore, Kussmaul respirations are specifically indicative of the body's effort to address metabolic acidosis.